1-7 Use of Force

Policy Type: Local

Approved By: Chief of Police, Virginia Commonwealth University Police Department

Initial Policy Approved: 4/23/2013

Current Revision Approved: 9/21/2021

General

It is the VCU Police Department’s policy to recognize and affirm the sanctity of human life. The purpose of this policy is to provide officers with basic guidelines for the use of less-than-lethal and deadly force. Officers shall use only the force that is objectively reasonable to accomplish lawful objects in accordance with state law and apply de-escalation techniques when possible, while protecting the safety of the officer and others. Officers shall use force only when no reasonably effective alternative appears to exist and shall use only that level of force which a reasonable and prudent officer would use under the same or similar circumstances.

The decision to use force requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officer or others, and whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. When resistance to police action or a threat to human life is encountered and reasonably effective alternatives have been exhausted, reasonable force may be employed. Only that force that is reasonable and necessary to accomplish lawful objectives, based upon the circumstances of the situation, while preventing injury and protecting the life of the officer and/or others, shall be applied. The reasonableness of a particular use of force will be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene. When evaluating any situation involving an officer’s use of force, the VCU Police Department will ultimately utilize a two-prong test: (1) was the use of force necessary, and (2) was the use of force justified.

Accountability Statement

All employees are expected to fully comply with the guidelines and timelines set forth in this policy. Failure to comply will result in appropriate corrective action. Responsibility rests with the supervisor to ensure that any policy violations are investigated and appropriate training, counseling and/or disciplinary action is initiated.

Definitions

DEADLY FORCE – Any use of force that is likely or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury. This includes, but is not limited to, the use of a firearm or a strike to the head with a hard object. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.3.
EXCESSIVE FORCE – Any force that is objectively unreasonable given the totality of the circumstances, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.3. NON-DEADLY FORCE – Any use of force that is neither likely nor intended to cause death or serious bodily injury.
OBJECTIVELY REASONABLE – The determination that the decision to use force, and the level of force used, is what a reasonable and prudent officer would use under the same or similar situations based upon the officer’s evaluation of the situation, experience, training, and the totality of the circumstances known to or believed to exist by the officer at the time the force is used and is consistent with U.S. Supreme Court precedent.
SERIOUS BODILY INJURY – Any injury that involves a substantial risk of death, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or extended loss or impairment of the function of a body part or organ.
USE OF FORCE CONTINUUM – A training model/philosophy that supports the progressive and reasonable escalation and de-escalation of member-applied force in proportional response to the actions and level of resistance offered by a subject. The level of response is based upon the situation encountered at the scene and the actions of the subject in response to the member’s command. Such response may progress from the member’s actual physical presence at the scene to the application of deadly force.
EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES - Those circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that a particular action is necessary to prevent physical harm to an individual, the destruction of relevant evidence, the escape of a suspect, or some other consequence improperly frustrating legitimate law enforcement efforts.
CHOKE HOLD – A physical maneuver that restricts an individual’s intake of oxygen for the purpose of gaining control of a subject. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.3.
NECK RESTRAINT – The use of any body part or object to attempt to control or disable a person by applying pressure against the neck, including the trachea or carotid artery, with the purpose, intent, or effect of controlling or restricting the person’s movement or restricting the person’s blood flow or breathing, including carotid restraints and lateral vascular neck restraints. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.3.
WARNING SHOT – The intentional discharge of a firearm for the purpose of warning or seeking compliance from an individual, but not intended to cause bodily injury.
KINETIC IMPACT MUNITIONS – These include impact rounds and baton rounds, such as rubber batons, bean bag rounds, foam baton rounds, and plastic, wax, wood, or rubber-coated projectiles. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.3.

Parameters for the Use of Force

The application of force includes a wide range of alternatives, some requiring the use of either lethal or less than lethal weapons. To this end, the department issues weapons and ammunition that the officer may call upon if it becomes necessary. The officer’s options include mere presence, verbal control, approved compliance techniques, chemical agents and Oleoresin Capsicum, other issued defensive weapons and finally deadly force. These weapons may be employed in response to the threat level recognized by the officer as deemed necessary to protect themselves or another person from bodily injury, to restrain or subdue a resistant individual, or bring an unlawful situation safely and effectively under control.
Officers shall modify their level of force in relation to the amount of resistance offered by the subject. As the subject offers less resistance, the officer shall correspondingly lower the amount and/or type of force used. Conversely, if resistance escalates, officers are authorized to respond in kind with those techniques and/or weapons at their disposal to gain control of the subject.
The use of kinetic impact munitions by a law-enforcement officer is prohibited unless the use of kinetic impact munitions is necessary to protect the law-enforcement officer or another person from bodily injury (see Va. Code § 19.2-83.4).
Use of force should terminate when resistance ceases or when it is objectively reasonable that a subject is fully in law enforcement’s control.
Physical force shall not be used against individuals in restraints, except as objectively reasonable to prevent their escape or prevent imminent bodily injury to the individual, the officer, or another person. In these situations, only the minimal amount of force necessary to control the situation shall be used.
All sworn officers who encounter a situation where the possibility of violence or resistance to lawful arrest is present should, if possible, attempt to de-escalate the situation through advice, warning and/or verbal persuasion. Officers will approach all situations in a manner consistent with department policy and training, taking tactically sound positions, making appropriate use of available backup, using cover effectively and utilizing officer safety training and techniques to minimize the danger to themselves, the community, and the need to use force. Whenever possible, and when such delay will not compromise the safety of the officer or another and will not result in the destruction of evidence, escape of a suspect or commission of a crime, an officer shall allow an individual time and opportunity to submit to verbal commands before force is used.
In the event that an incident escalates beyond the effective use of verbal de-escalation techniques, officers are authorized to employ department-approved compliance techniques, department-issued chemical agents and other department-issued defensive weapons. The use of kinetic impact munitions is only permissible when necessary to protect the law-enforcement officer or another person from bodily injury.
All authorized personal defensive weapons shall be used in accordance with the procedures detailed in Written Directive 1-9 Police Weapons and in the manner prescribed during training. Additionally, no officer shall employ any such weapon prior to reviewing this policy and successfully completing such department-approved training courses, as directed by the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services.
Under no circumstances shall an officer carry or use any unauthorized weapons or ammunition.
Except where deadly force is immediately necessary and justified in order to protect a law-enforcement officer or another person from death or serious bodily injury, dangerous or potentially deadly techniques, such as the following, shall not be utilized to gain control of a subject:
1. Gouging of the eyes
2. Hard strikes to the temple, throat or spine
3. Upward strikes to the nose
4. Shunting of blood or breath (including choke holds and vascular neck restraints)
5. Upward strike or kick to the groin
6. Violent twisting of the head or neck
Officers shall not employ as a means of force flashlights, radios or any other item(s) not issued specifically as a defensive weapon, except when there is reason to believe that the imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury exists and no other reasonable option is available.
Force shall not be used to extract drugs or evidence from a suspect’s mouth. Suspects who have ingested drugs or evidence will be provided medical treatment using the guidelines set forth in Written Directive 1-10 Search and Seizure.
Once the scene is safe and as soon as practicable, an officer shall provide appropriate medical care, consistent with their training, to any individual who has visible injuries, complains of being injured, or requests medical attention. This may include providing first aid, requesting emergency medical services, and/or arranging for transportation to an emergency medical facility. See also Va. Code § 19.2-83.6 (A).
In accordance with the Code of Virginia § 19.2-83.6, any law-enforcement officer who, while in the performance of their official duties, witnesses another law-enforcement officer engaging or attempting to engage in the use of excessive force against another person has a duty and obligation to intervene, when such intervention is feasible, to prevent or stop the use of excessive force or attempted use of excessive force, or to prevent the further use of excessive force.
1. Any officer who intervenes in another officer’s use or attempted use of excessive force or who witnesses another officer engaging or attempting to engage in the use of excessive force against another person shall immediately report such intervention or use of excessive force to a supervisor.
2. VCUPD is prohibited from retaliating, threatening to retaliate, or taking or threatening to take any disciplinary action against an officer who intervenes or makes a report as described above.

Parameters for the Use of Deadly Force

In accordance with the Code of Virginia § 19.2-83.5 (A), law-enforcement officers shall not use deadly force against a person unless:
1. The officer reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect the officer or another person, other than the subject of the use of deadly force, from the threat of serious bodily injury or death;
2. If feasible, the officer has provided a warning to the subject of the deadly force that they will use deadly force;
  1. NOTE: Warning shots are strictly prohibited under all circumstances.
3. The officer’s actions are reasonable, given the totality of the circumstances; and
4. All other options have been exhausted or do not reasonably lend themselves to the circumstances.
Per the Code of Virginia § 19.2-83.5 (B), in determining whether a law-enforcement officer’s use of deadly force is proper, all of the following facts shall be considered:
1. The reasonableness of the officer’s belief and actions from the perspective of a reasonable law-enforcement officer on the scene at the time of the incident
2. The totality of the circumstances, to include all of the below:
  1. The amount of time available to the officer to make a decision
  2. Whether the subject of the use of deadly force:
    1. Possessed or appeared to possess a deadly weapon, and
    2. Refused to comply with the officer’s lawful order to surrender an object believed to be a deadly weapon prior to the officer using deadly force
  3. Whether the officer engaged in de-escalation measures prior to the use of deadly force, including taking cover, waiting for backup, trying to calm the subject prior to the use of force, or using non-deadly force prior to the use of deadly force
  4. Whether any conduct by the officer prior to the use of deadly force intentionally increased the risk of a confrontation resulting in deadly force being used
  5. The seriousness of the suspected crime
Warning shots are strictly prohibited under all circumstances.
An officer shall not discharge a firearm into crowds of people.
Firing at or from a moving vehicle (see also Va. Code § 19.2-83.4):
1. Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless:
  1. A person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle.
  2. The vehicle is operated in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer or another person, and all other reasonable means of defense have been exhausted, which includes moving out of the path of the vehicle.
2. For the purposes of this section, the moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer’s use of deadly force.
3. Firearms shall not be discharged from a moving vehicle, except in exigent circumstances and in the immediate defense of life. In these situations, an officer must have articulable exigent circumstances for this use of force.
4. The prohibition on firing at or from a moving vehicle also exists for the following reasons:
  1. Bullets fired at a moving vehicle are unlikely to stop or disable the vehicle
  2. Bullets may ricochet off glass or metal and cause injury to officers or other innocent persons
  3. The vehicle may crash and cause injury to officers or other innocent persons, if the bullets disable the driver
  4. Moving to cover, repositioning and/or waiting for additional responding units to gain and maintain a superior tactical advantage maximizes officer and public safety, and minimizes the necessity for using deadly force
  5. Shooting accurately from a moving vehicle is extremely difficult and therefore, unlikely to successfully stop or prevent a threat to the officer or other innocent persons
Choke holds and neck restraints are prohibited, unless the use of deadly force is authorized by law.
Firearms should not be discharged if it appears that an innocent person may be injured.
Additional Restrictions:
1. An officer shall only draw or display their department-approved firearm when circumstances cause the officer to reasonably believe that it may be necessary to use the weapon.
2. The only weapons authorized for use by an officer are the officer’s department issued weapon(s) and approved off-duty firearm(s), which the officer has been certified to use and which has been approved for safety by the Firearms Unit, as detailed in Written Directive 1-8 Firearms.
It is understood that this policy may not cover every situation that may arise. In all situations, officers are expected to act with intelligence and exercise sound judgment. Any deviations from the provisions of this policy shall be examined rigorously on a case-by-case basis. Any officer who deviates from this policy must be able to clearly articulate the reasons for the use of deadly force. Factors that may be considered include, but are not limited to, whether the officer’s life or the lives of others were in immediate peril and there was no reasonable or apparent means of escape.

Use of Force Response

When a use of force situation results in serious physical injury, death or when a person dies in police custody:
1. The involved officer’s police powers will be withdrawn or restricted immediately, in accordance with Written Directive 5-5 Withdrawal or Restriction of Police Powers.
2. The Chief will determine the nature of the officer’s assignment and may place the officer in a non-enforcement position until such time that, in the judgment of the Chief, the officer is able to return to regular duty.
In all cases involving an officer’s use or suspected use of force, the department shall conduct either an internal review by the appropriate division or an administration investigation by the Investigations Division to determine whether any violation(s) of department policy or procedure occurred.
In all cases involving an officer’s use of deadly force or use of force that results in serious injury, the department will request that an external criminal investigation be completed. The Investigations Division will provide whatever assistance is needed to external agency conducting the criminal investigation.
At the conclusion of any criminal investigation, the Investigations Division shall conduct an administrative investigation to determine whether any violations of department policy or procedure occurred.
Any employee who is a witness to and/or involved in the use of excessive or deadly force involving department personnel, while on duty or in the performance of their duties, will be mandated to attend a session with one of the University Counseling Center providers before returning to work.

Use of Force Review Committee

Following the completion of the department’s internal review or the Investigation Division’s administrative investigation into any incident involving use of force, the department will forward such findings to the Use of Force Review Committee, comprised of various institutional partners, for further review.
The Use of Force Review Committee will evaluate the department’s initial findings, along with any supporting documentation, and affirm or deny the department’s findings. If the Use of Force Review Committee denies the department’s findings, the Committee may request that the Office of University Counsel review the case.
The Use of Force Review Committee will convene in March each year to provide a comprehensive annual review of all use of force incidents for the previous calendar year.

Use of Force Procedures

The following applies to all firearm discharge incidents:
1. Any officer (while on or off duty) who discharges ANY firearm (either the employee’s department-issued firearm or any other firearm) while acting under color of employment with the agency (not in training or recreationally), either deliberately or accidentally, shall adhere to all of the following procedures:
  1. Immediately take all measures to render the situation safe and provide/summon adequate medical assistance for anyone who might be injured
  2. Notify Dispatch of the situation
  3. Request additional units respond to assist with protecting the scene and detaining witnesses
  4. Contact their immediate supervisor to respond to the scene. If the immediate supervisor is off-duty, the first available supervisor should be contacted
  5. Surrender the entire equipment belt, including the involved firearm and all magazines and ammunition to the Support Supervisor, who shall record the date and time of surrender
  6. Complete a VCUPD-67 Firearm Discharge/Firearm Assault Report, and if applicable, a VCUPD-6 Use of Force Report prior to marking EOT from duty
  7. If the firearm discharge occurred in a location other than VCU Police Department’s jurisdiction, ensure that notification of the discharge is made to the law-enforcement agency for that jurisdiction
2. The First Responding Supervisor shall adhere to all of the following:
  1. Ensure that all officers who were at the scene at the time of the use of force, but were not actually involved in the use of force, are accounted for and held at a secure location to have their firearms, magazines and ammunition inspected by an investigator
  2. Confirm that appropriate medical assistance has been summoned/provided, if necessary
  3. Ensure that Dispatch has notified Investigations to respond to the scene and has made the appropriate notifications to all supervisory personnel
  4. Ensure that the scene has been protected and witnesses identified, separated and detained
  5. Coordinate the activities of the responding backup unit
  6. Separate all involved officers and assign a Support Supervisor to each involved officer
  7. Ensure that a VCUPD-6 Use of Force Report and VCUPD-67 Firearm Discharge/Assault Report is completed prior to marking EOT from duty (if the discharge is accidental and no injury or property damage resulted, the VCUPD-67 is the only form that needs to be completed)
  8. Ensure that an IBR is completed in those cases where an injury or death occurs
  9. Ensure that the provisions of Written Directive 6-19 Police Damage to Private Property are followed, if applicable
  10. As required by the department, submit all reports through appropriate channels to the Chief, prior to marking EOT from duty
3. The Support Supervisor shall adhere to all of the following
  1. Immediately temporarily take possession of the involved officer’s firearm, magazine, ammunition, etc. and secure items until an investigator arrives on scene, unless the items are part of the crime scene (No one other than the Support Supervisor shall handle or take possession of the firearm)
  2. Do nothing to the firearm other than to ensure that the firearm is rendered safe.
  3. Immediately take possession of the entire equipment belt, with the weapon holstered and magazine pouches snapped in (If the involved officer is in plainclothes, take possession of the holster with the firearm inside and the magazine pouches with the magazines inside)
  4. Mark the date and time on the inside of the duty belt and secure it
    1. NOTE: Unauthorized touching or disruption of the collected belt, weapons and/or magazines is prohibited
  5. Ensure that no one discusses the case with the involved officer prior to the arrival of the investigator on scene
  6. Surrender the involved firearm and entire equipment belt to the assigned investigator
4. The Investigations Supervisor/Lead Investigator shall adhere to all of the following:
  1. Coordinate evidence collection and take possession of the firearm, magazines and ammunition of the involved officer(s)
  2. Coordinate activities with supervisors to arrange transportation of the involved officers for interviews
  3. Issue a VCUPD-66 Change in Duty Status and/or Status of Police Powers to withdraw or restrict the police powers of the involved officer(s) and place them on administrative leave when a use of force results in serious bodily injury or death
  4. Inspect the firearms, magazines and ammunition of all officers who were at the scene at the time that the use of force occurred, and count the remaining rounds in the surrendered weapon and magazines
  5. Place the weapon and associated magazines and ammunition in Property or retain/forward for analysis, as appropriate
5. The involved officer’s supervisor shall adhere to all of the following:
  1. Ensure that the involved officer(s) accurately and properly prepares the VCUPD-6
  2. Take photographs of the officer’s hands, palms and full body
  3. Maintain photographs of any alleged injuries taken at the scene
  4. Record interview statements from victim(s) and/or witness(es)
  5. Send a draft copy of all photographs and reports to Investigations
  6. Forward the original copy of all reports and photographs to the Chief, through the appropriate channels
  7. If the involved officer is unable to fill out the VCUPD-6 due to injury, prepare the VCUPD-6 on behalf of the involved officer
  8. If the supervisor was involved in the same incident, they shall not act as a reviewing supervisor for the VCUPD-6
  9. Conduct a preliminary or final investigation into the use of force and forward the investigation through appropriate channels to the Chief (all preliminary investigations are due within 24 hours of incident)
  10. Have the authority to recommend that an employee be mandated to attend a session with one of the University Counseling Services providers before returning to work if an employee is involved in or a witness to a traumatic incident while in the performance of their duties (other than an incident where the employee is a witness to and/or involved in the use of deadly force)
All Other Use of Force Incidents:
1. When any type of force is used, other than handcuffing or normal restraint, regardless of whether there is an injury or a complaint of injury, officers shall immediately notify a supervisor that a VCUPD-6 Use of Force Report is required and complete the VCUPD-6 before the officer’s EOT from duty. The use of department-approved compliance techniques that do not involve a strike to the subject (control holds, grounding control techniques, takedown techniques, and non-striking distraction techniques) are considered normal restraints and do not require that a VCUPD-6 Use of Force Report be completed, unless: (a) there is an injury, appearance of injury or complaint of injury that resulted from the officer’s action, or (b) a complaint involving the use of excessive force is made.
2. Whenever any department-issued less than lethal weapon is used, regardless of whether the contact is intentional or unintentional, officers shall complete a VCUPD-6. While not limited to this situation, this requirement must be followed whenever the O.C. Fogger is used to disperse large or unruly crowds (refer to Written Directive 1-9 Police Weapons).
3. As a result of the use of force, if an arrestee (custodial or non-custodial) sustains any visible injury, medical distress is apparent, the individual is unconscious, or requires medical attention (even if they refuse treatment), the arresting officer or transporting officer shall ensure that the individual is transported to the hospital for treatment. If the subject receiving the injury or otherwise requiring medical attention is not an arrestee, the officer shall offer to arrange medical treatment and document any refusal on the VCUPD-6A O.C. Use/Medical Services Rendered Report, if applicable.
4. If an employee is involved in or a witness to a traumatic incident (other than an incident where the employee is a witness to and/or involved in the use of deadly force), the supervisor may recommend that the employee be mandated to attend a session with one of the University’s Counseling Services providers before returning to work.
Allegations of Excessive Use of Force:
1. Whenever a complaint of excessive force is made, regardless of whether the officer actually used force, a VCUPD-6 must be completed. If the officer did not use any force in an incident, the officer will note that under the “Type of Force” section on the VCUPD-6 form and explain that no force was used, but that the complainant alleged that force was used. The VCUPD-6 form will serve to document the incident and all of the attendant circumstances.
2. Involved officer’s supervisor, upon observing or receiving any complaint of excessive force, shall conduct a preliminary investigation and make appropriate notifications.
Additional Requirements Relating to All Use of Force Incidents:
1. The Chief of Police may require changes to policy and/or training based upon the findings of the department’s internal review or administrative investigation into a use of force incident, and
2. The Chief of Police may request annual data and analysis reports on use of force incidents.

Required Documentation for Preexisting or Self-Inflicted Injuries Sustained by an Arrestee/Detainee

The VCUPD-6B form is only intended to be used in situations in which the arrestee/detainee reports injuries that are either preexisting or were solely self-inflicted injuries to the arrestee/detainee. This form is not intended to be used for any incident that involves an officer’s application of force. If the incident involves an officer’s application of force, the aforementioned use of force procedures must be followed.
1. For example, during an interaction with a VCUPD officer, an arrestee/detainee trips and falls on their own and reports that they sustained an injury as a result of the fall, a VCUPD-6B form should be completed and submitted to the involved officer’s on-duty supervisor by the EOT from duty.
In the event that an arrestee or detainee reports an injury that is either preexisting or self-inflicted during an interaction with a VCUPD officer, the involved officer(s) must immediately render first aid, request emergency medical services, and/or arrange for transportation to an emergency medical facility as appropriate.
After medical attention/services have been offered and provided to the subject, the involved officer(s) shall immediately notify the on-duty supervisor that a VCUPD-6B Prisoner / Citizen Injury Report is required and complete the VCUPD-6B before the officer’s EOT from duty.
1. NOTE: If the on-duty supervisor was involved in the same incident, they shall not act as a reviewing supervisor for the VCUPD-6B.
The involved officer’s supervisor shall adhere to all of the following:
1. Ensure that the involved officer(s) accurately and properly prepares the VCUPD-6B
2. Take photographs of the officer’s hands, palms and full body
3. Maintain photographs of any alleged injuries taken at the scene

Required Documentation for Displaying a Firearm in the Presence of a Suspect

Whenever an officer displays a firearm in the presence of a suspect, the involved officer(s) shall immediately notify the on-duty supervisor that a VCUPD-6C Firearm Display Report is required and complete the VCUPD-6C before the officer’s EOT from duty. The VCUPD-6C report does not apply to building searches or other situations in which a suspect(s) is not present.
1. NOTE: If the on-duty supervisor was involved in the same incident, they shall not act as a reviewing supervisor for the VCUPD-6C.
The VCUPD-6C form is not intended to be used for any incident that involves an officer’s application of force. If the incident involves an officer’s application of force, the aforementioned use of force procedures must be followed.
The involved officer’s supervisor shall adhere to all of the following:
1. Ensure that the involved officer(s) accurately and properly prepares the VCUPD-6C
2. Record interview statements from suspect or arrestee(s) and/or witness(es)
3. Forward the original copy of all reports to the Chief, through the appropriate channels
4. Conduct a preliminary or final investigation of the VCUPD-6C form and all related documentation, and forward the preliminary findings through appropriate channels to the Chief (all preliminary investigations are due within 24 hours of incident)

Mandatory Use of Force Training

Department members shall receive Use of Force training at least twice a year, as specified by the department’s Training and Education Division. If an officer fails to complete Use of Force training within the allotted time frame, the officer’s police powers will be withdrawn until such time that they are able to complete the required training. The Training and Education Division will make arrangements for the affected officer to return to the Academy to complete the required Use of Force training.

Forms and Documentation

VCUPD-67 Firearm Discharge/FirearmAssault Report
VCUPD-6 Use of Force Report
VCUPD-6A O.C. Use/Medical Services
VCUPD-6B Prisoner / Citizen Injury Report (Supervisor’s Investigation)
VCUPD-6C Firearm Display Report (Supervisor’s Investigation)
VCUPD-66 Change in Duty Status and/or Status of Police Powers
IBR

Revision History

This policy supersedes the following archived policies:

4/23/2013 - 1-7 Use of Force

4/16/2015 - 1-7 Use of Force

3/24/2017 - 1-7 Use of Force

4/21/2017 - 1-7 Use of Force

12/14/2020 - 1-7 Use of Force

3/01/2021 - 1-7 Use of Force

8/01/2021 - 1-7 Use of Force